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Sodium ion batteries (NIB) are attractive alternatives to lithium ion batteries (LIB) due to the relative abundance of sodium compared to that of lithium resources.
The principle of operation of a sodium ion battery is very similar to that of a lithium ion battery, which is based on the exchange of ions between the positive and negative electrode through the electrolyte.
The commonly applied negative electrode materials for NOB are hard or soft carbons, which is mainly due to the thermodynamic instability of Na+ intercalation to graphite. Sodium-containing compounds, such as Prussian white, serve as positive electrodes. Both electrodes use aluminum as a current collector, so aluminum corrosion must be considered when selecting the appropriate salt/solvent/additive combination for the electrolyte.
The gravimetric energy density of NIBs (70-150 Wh kg-1) is usually lower than that of commercial LIBs (160-260 Wh kg-1). Depending on the chemistry used, Na ions are suitable for smaller, scaling energy storage applications with adequate safety.
